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Synapsids (Greek, ‘fused arch’), synonymous with theropsids (Greek, ‘beast-face’), are a group of animals that includes mammals and every animal more closely related to mammals than to other living amniotes. 76 77 The Eupelycosauria originally referred to a suborder of ‘pelycosaurs’ (Reisz 1987), but has been redefined (Laurin and Reisz 1997) to designate a clade of synapsids that includes most pelycosaurs, as well as all therapsids and mammals. 78 79 Sphenacodontia is a stem-based clade of derived synapsids. It was defined by Amson and Laurin (2011) as “the largest clade that includes Haptodus baylei, Haptodus garnettensis and Sphenacodon ferox, but not Edaphosaurus pogonias”. They first appear during the Late Pennsylvanian epoch. 80 Many of the traits today seen as unique to mammals had their origin within early therapsids, including having their four limbs extend vertically beneath the body, as opposed to the sprawling posture of other reptiles. 81 82 Eutherapsida have zygomatic arch bowed, with laterally expanded temporal fenestra 83 Theriodonts (“Beast Tooth”, referring to more mammal-like teeth), are a major group of therapsids. 84 85 Eutheriodontia is a clade of therapsids that includes therocephalians and cynodonts. 86 87 The cynodonts (“dog teeth”), in the clade Cynodontia, are therapsids that first appeared in the Late Permian (approximately 260 Ma). 88 89 Epicynodontia is a clade of cynodont therapsids that includes most cynodonts, including galesaurids, thrinaxodontids, and Eucynodontia. 90 91 Eucynodontia (“true dog teeth”) is a clade of cynodont therapsids including mammals and most non-mammalian cynodonts. 92 The Probainognathians are members of one of the two major clades of the infraorder Eucynodontia, the other being Cynognathians. 93 94 Mammaliaformes (“mammal-shaped”) is a clade that contains the crown group mammals and their closest extinct relatives; the group radiated from earlier probainognathian cynodonts. 95
96 Mammals are any vertebrates within the class Mammalia (/məˈmeɪli.ə/ from Latin mamma “breast”), a clade of endothermic amniotes distinguished from reptiles and birds by the possession of a neocortex (a region of the brain), hair, three middle ear bones and mammary glands. 97 98 Boreosphenida (from boreas, “northern wind” and sphen, “wedge”) were early mammals that originated in the Northern Hemisphere and had tribosphenic molars (three-cusped cheek teeth). 99 100 Eutheria (/juːˈθɪəriə/; from Greek εὐ-, eu- “true/good” and θηρίον, thēríon “beast” hence “true beasts”) is one of two mammalian clades with extant members that diverged in the Early Cretaceous or perhaps the Late Jurassic. 101 102 Boreoeutheria (synonymous with Boreotheria) (Greek: βόρειο “north” + ευ “good” + θεριό “beast”) is a clade (magnorder) of placental mammals that is composed of the sister taxa Laurasiatheria (most hoofed mammals, most pawed carnivores, and several other groups) and Euarchontoglires (Supraprimates). 103 Euarchontoglires (synonymous with Supraprimates) is a clade and a superorder of mammals, the living members of which belong to one of the five following groups: rodents, lagomorphs, treeshrews, colugos and primates (including humans). 104 105 A primate is a mammal of the order Primates (Latin: “prime, first rank”). 106 107 Haplorhini (the haplorhines or the “dry-nosed” primates, the Greek name means “simple-nosed”) is a clade containing the tarsiers and the simians (or anthropoids). 108 109 The simians (infraorder Simiiformes, Anthropoidea) are the higher primates: the Old World monkeys and apes, including humans (together being the catarrhines), and the New World monkeys or platyrrhines. 110 111 Apes (Hominoidea) are a branch of Old World tailless anthropoid catarrhine primates native to Africa and Southeast Asia. 112 113 The Hominidae (/hɒˈmɪnᵻdiː/), whose members are known as great apes[note 1] or hominids, are a taxonomic family of primates that includes seven extant species in four genera: Pongo, the Bornean and Sumatran orangutan; Gorilla, the eastern and western gorilla; Pan, the common chimpanzee and the bonobo; and Homo, the human. 114 115 Homininae is a subfamily of Hominidae that includes the tribes Hominini and Gorillini, which together encompass humans and some extinct relatives, chimpanzees and bonobos, as well as gorillas. 116 117 The Hominini is a taxonomical tribe of the subfamily Homininae; it comprises three subtribes: Hominina, with its one genus Homo; Australopithecina, comprising several extinct genera; and Panina, with its one genus Pan, the chimpanzees. 118 119 Hominina is a sub-tribe of the hominid primates. It is used by some anthropologists to include the upright biped apes, including the genus Homo. 120 121
This is the point where ancient astrounaut theorists differ with evolutionists. The sumerian tablets, emerald tablets of Egypt, presence of claims that gods come from havens in almost every ancient culture of the world, megalithic pyramids around the world, Rh negative blood group in humans and 46 chromosomes in human beings as opposed to 48 in chimps (Due to the apparently engineered unification of 2nd and 3rd pairs of chromosomes) are strong evidences that human race was engineered by alien races. The credit mostly goes to Anunnaki. The Anunnaki “Those of Royal Blood” are believed to be immortal gods that inhabited the Earth during ancient Sumerian times in Mesopotamia. 354 355 We will discuss this in detail in later parts of this series.
Humans (Homo Sapiens) are the most advanced, recent and intelligent product of evolution. The spread of humans and their large and increasing population has had a profound impact on large areas of the environment and millions of native species worldwide. 122 123 Nervous system is the system that conducts stimuli from sensory receptors to the brain and spinal cord and that conducts impulses back to other parts of the body. As with other higher vertebrates, the human nervous system has two main parts: the central nervous system (the brain and spinal cord) and the peripheral nervous system (the nerves that carry impulses to and from the central nervous system). In humans the brain is especially large and well developed.
124 125 The peripheral nervous system (PNS) is the part of the nervous system that consists of the nerves and ganglia on the outside of the brain and spinal cord. 126 127 The autonomic nervous system (ANS) is a division of the peripheral nervous system that influences the function of internal organs. The autonomic nervous system is a control system that acts largely unconsciously and regulates bodily functions such as the heart rate, digestion, respiratory rate, pupillary response, urination, and sexual arousal. 128 129 The parasympathetic nervous system (usually abbreviated PSNS, not PNS, to avoid confusion with the peripheral nervous system [PNS]) is one of the two divisions of the autonomic nervous system, the other being the sympathetic nervous system. 130 131 Receptors are groups of specialised cells that can detect changes in the environment called stimuli. 132 133
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