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In this series of articles, we are going to explore and analyze some basic concepts and components in Universe, life, living, humans, freedom, and control. Let me start with defining and introducing the basic and major components of this ongoing global discussion.
The inflation theory and Mathematical calculations are now strongly suggesting that we may be living in just one of the infinite number of universes or in other words, we are living in a Multiverse. 1 2 Our Universe which is just one of infinite number of all Universes, is expanding with an ever accelerating speed. 3
Age13.799 ± 0.021 billion years. DiameterAt least 91 billion light-years (28 billion parsecs). Mass (ordinary matter)At least 1053 kg. Average density4.5 x 10−31 g/cm3. Average temperature2.72548 K. Main ContentsOrdinary (baryonic) matter(4.9%)
Dark matter (26.8%)
Dark energy (68.3%)
Shape Flat with only a 0.4% margin of error”. 4 A portion of our Universe is termed as “Observable Universe” because light from the part beyond observable portion can never reach us due to rapid expansion of Universe, surpassing even the speed of light. 5 6 Galaxy clusters are grouped in larger structures known as Superclusters which are not bound to each other via gravity. 7 8 Clusters are formed by grouping of galaxies. 9 10 Milky Way Subgroup is a group of galaxies in which lies our Milky Way Galaxy. 11 12 The stars that we observe with naked eye on sky belong to our galaxy, Milky Way.13 14 The Orion Arm is a minor spiral arm of the Milky Way some 3,500 light-years (1,100 parsecs) across and approximately 10,000 light-years (3,100 parsecs) in length. 15 16 The Gould Belt is a partial ring of stars in the Milky Way, about 3000 light years across, tilted toward the galactic plane by about 16 to 20 degrees. 17 18 In modern astronomy, a constellation is a specific area of the celestial sphere as defined by the International Astronomical Union (IAU). 19 20 The Local Bubble is a cavity in the interstellar medium (ISM) in the Orion Arm of the Milky Way. 21 22 Currently our Solar System is cruising through a part of Milky Way termed as Local Interstellar Cloud (LIC). 23 24 The Solar System is the gravitationally bound system comprising the Sun and the objects that orbit it, either directly or indirectly. 25 26 A “planet” is a celestial body that (a) is in orbit around the Sun, (b) has sufficient mass for its self-gravity to overcome rigid body forces so that it assumes a hydrostatic equilibrium (nearly round) shape, and (c) has cleared the neighbourhood around its orbit.
The eight planets are: Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. 27 28 The inner solar system is the name of the
terrestrial planets and asteroid belt. 29 30 A terrestrial planet, telluric planet, or rocky planet is a planet that is composed primarily of silicate rocks or metals. 31 32 Earth’s orbit is the path in which the Earth travels around the Sun. 33 34 Say hello to Earth, the planet we live on. 35 36 Life is a characteristic distinguishing physical entities having biological processes (such as signaling and self-sustaining processes) from those that do not, either because such functions have ceased (death), or because they lack such functions and are classified as inanimate. 37 38 Life is the ultimate expression of nature. 39 40 Neomura is a clade composed of the two domains of life of Archaea and Eukaryota 41 42 A eukaryote (/juːˈkæri.oʊt/ or /juːˈkæriət/ yoo-karr-ee-oht or yoo-karr-ee-ət) is any organism whose cells contain a nucleus and other organelles enclosed within membranes. 43 44 Most animals are motile which means they can move spontaneaously and independently, at some point in their lives. 45 46 The bilateria /ˌbaɪləˈtɪəriə/ or bilaterians are animals with bilateral symmetry, i.e., they have a front (“anterior”) and a back (“posterior”) as well as an upside (“dorsal”) and downside (“ventral”); therefore they also have a left side and a right side. 47 48 Nephrozoa is a clade of bilaterians which includes arrow worms, deuterostomes and protostomes. 49 50 Deuterostomia is a subtaxon of the Bilateria branch of the subkingdom Eumetazoa, within Animalia, and are distinguished from protostomes by their embryonic development; in deuterostomes, the first opening (the blastopore) becomes the anus, while in protostomes, it becomes the mouth 51 52 Chordates (/ˈkɔːrdeɪts/) are animals possessing a notochord, a hollow dorsal nerve cord, pharyngeal slits, an endostyle, and a post-anal tail for at least some period of their life cycles. 53 54 Animals in subphylum Craniata possess skull. 55 56 Vertebrates are Chordates with backbone. 57 58 Gnathostomata /ˌneɪθoʊstoʊˈmɑːtə/ are the jawed vertebrates. 59 60 The evidence of evolution of teeth is found in Eugnathostomata 61 Teleostomi is a clade of jawed vertebrates that includes the tetrapods, bony fish, and the wholly extinct acanthodian fish. Key characters of this group include an operculum and a single pair of respiratory openings, features which were lost or modified in some later representatives. 62 Osteichthyes /ˌɒstiːˈɪkθi.iːz/, popularly referred to as the bony fish, is a diverse taxonomic group of fish that have skeletons primarily composed of bone tissue, as opposed to cartilage. 63 64 The Rhipidistia, also known as dipnotetrapodomorphs (formally Dipnotetrapodomorpha) are a clade of lobe-finned fishes which include the Tetrapods and lungfishes. 65 66 The Tetrapodomorpha (also known as Choanata) are a clade of vertebrates consisting of tetrapods (four-limbed vertebrates) and their closest sarcopterygian relatives that are more closely related to living tetrapods than to living lungfish. 67 68 Eotetrapodiformes is a clade of sarcopterygian fish including tetrapods (four-limbed vertebrates) and their immediate ancestors, two groups of stem tetrapods called tristichopterids and elpistostegalids. 69 Elpistostegalia or Panderichthyida is an order of prehistoric lobe-finned fishes which lived during the Late Devonian period (about 385 to 374 million years ago). They represent the advanced tetrapodomorph stock, the fishes more closely related to tetrapods than the osteolepiform fishes. 70 71 The superclass Tetrapoda (Ancient Greek τετραπόδηs tetrapodēs, “four-footed”), or the tetrapods /ˈtɛtrəpɒd/, comprises the first four-limbed vertebrates and their descendants, including the living and extinct amphibians, reptiles, mammals, birds, and some extinct fish. 72 73 Amniotes (from Greek ἀμνίον amnion, “membrane surrounding the fetus”, earlier “bowl in which the blood of sacrificed animals was caught”, from ἀμνός amnos, “lamb”) are a clade of tetrapod vertebrates comprising the reptiles, birds and mammals that lay their eggs on land or retain the fertilized egg within the mother. 74 75
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